Primary brain tumors begin when normal cells acquire errors (mutations) in their DNA. These mutations allow cells to grow and divide at increased rates and to continue living when healthy cells would die.
Primary brain tumors are much less common than are secondary brain tumors, in which cancer begins elsewhere and spreads to the brain.
Many different types of primary brain tumors exist. Each gets its name from the type of cells involved. Examples include:
Gliomas
These tumors begin in the brain or spinal cord and include astrocytomas, ependymoma, glioblastomas, oligoastrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas.
Meningiomas
A meningioma is a tumor that arises from the membranes that surround your brain and spinal cord (meninges). Most meningiomas are benign.
Acoustic neuromas (schwannomas)
These are benign tumors that develop on the nerves that control balance and hearing leading from the inner ear to the brain.
Pituitary adenomas
These are mostly benign tumors that develop in the pituitary gland at the base of the brain. These tumors can affect the pituitary hormones with effects throughout the body.
Medulloblastomas
These are the most common malignant brain tumors in children. A medulloblastoma starts in the lower back part of the brain and tends to spread through the spinal fluid. These tumors are less common in adults, but they do occur
PNETs
Primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) are rare, malignant tumors that start in embryonic (fetal) cells in the brain. They can occur anywhere in the brain.
Germ cell tumors
Germ cell tumors may develop during childhood where the testicles or ovaries will form. But sometimes germ cell tumors move to other parts of the body, such as the brain.
Craniopharyngiomas
These rare, generally benign tumors start near the brain's pituitary gland, which secretes hormones that control many body functions. As the craniopharyngioma slowly grows, it can affect the pituitary gland and other structures near the brain.
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